The Organizational Development Model

This model appraises the organization's ability to work as a team and to fit the needs of its members. The model focuses on developing practices to foster:

1. supervisory behavior manifesting interest and concern for workers;
2. team spirit, group loyalty, and teamwork among workers and between workers and management;
3. confidence, trust and communication among workers and between workers and management;
4. more freedom to set their own objectives.

The model's procedure attempts to answer four main questions:

1. Where are we?;
2. Where do we want to go?;
3. How will we get there?;
4. How will we know when we do get there?

These questions can be divided into four areas: question one is concerned with diagnosis, question two with the setting of goals and plans, question three with the implementation of goals, and question four with evaluation.

This model is concerned with changing beliefs, attitudes, values, and organizational structures so that individuals can be better adopt to new technologies and challenges. It is a process of management by objectives in contrast to management by control.

The Structural Functional Model

The structural functional approach tests the durability and flexibility of the organization's structure for responding to a diversity of situations and events.

According to this model, all systems need maintenance and continuity. The following aspects define this:

• security of the organization as whole in relation to the social forces in its environment (this relates to ability to forestall threatened aggressions or deleterious consequences from the actions of others);
• stability of lines of authority and communication (this refers to the continued capacity of leadership to control and have access to individuals in the system);
• stability of informal relations within the organization;
• continuity of policy making (this refers to the ability to reexamine policy an a continuing basis);
• homogeneity of outlook (this refers the ability to effectively orient members to organization norms and beliefs).